Kainai (Blood) Travois (1910)
Photo by Arthur Rafton-Canning. Courtesy Library and Archives Canada PA-029769.
The horse dramatically increased travel distance. The travois above carries a tepee.
They commonly called themselves saokí•tap•ksi meaning ‘prairie people.’ The meaning ‘people with black feet’ comes from exonymns—the names given by other, external tribes. Historically, several related groups comprise the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people:
- Siksika (Blackfoot)
- Kainai or Kainah (Blood)
- Piikani (Piegan Blackfeet)
While Blackfoot is typically applied north of the 49th parallel and Blackfeet to those from the United States, linguistically they are all members of the Western division of the Algonquian language family. They also are members of the Blackfeet Confederacy which includes Atsinas, Arapahos, and Cheyennes.[1]Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Vol. 1 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1912), 138,570.
Prior to European contact, the Blackfeet had traded for horses via the Eastern Shoshone to the south and weapons and tools via the Cree to the East.[2]See on this site Indian Horses in the PNW. Thus armed and mounted, they dominated their neighbors, and after the first traders arrived, they sought to maintain that dominance.[3]Loretta Fowler and Regina Flannery, Handbook of North American Indians: Plains Vol. 15, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 608, 623.
At the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the captains avoided encounters with Blackfeet people as the Americans’ presence would be seen as a serious threat to their dominance over other tribes in the region. Despite that, Lewis risked a trip to locate the source of the Marias River. On his way back to the Great Falls of the Missouri, he did meet a group of young Blackfeet men. For more on that encounter, see The Marias River Risk and Fight on the Two Medicine.
For many years after the expedition, traveling, trapping, and trading in Blackfeet country was unusually risky. In 1810, near the Three Forks of the Missouri, expedition members George Drouillard and John Potts were killed by Blackfeet, and John Colter made his famous run to escape death at their hands.[4]For more on this period, see Blackfeet Confederacy and American Trappers, 1806–1840 by Jay H. Buckley.
Today, there are three First Nations governments in Canada, and in the United States, the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized tribe residing in Northern Montana.[5]“Blackfoot Confederacy,” Wikipedia, accessed on 25 November 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy.
Selected Pages and Encounters
July 23, 1806
Blackfeet and Crow near
At Camp Disappointment, clouds prevent Lewis from making celestial observations. Clark’s group is ready to paddle down the Yellowstone, and another detachment portages around the Falls of the Missouri.
Why was it so important that Meriwether Lewis was willing to risk his life in a region occupied by the “Pahkees” or Minnetares, the Assiniboines, and other people whom he had been led—by their enemies, of course—to believe were “vicious and illy disposed”?
Blackfeet Songs
An interview with an elder
These songs are used in honorings, giveaways, recognition of society members, and respect for veterans. Blackfeet reporter Pelah Hoyt talked with Professor of Music Joseph Mussulman about the expedition and its music.
July 4, 1806
Dangerous roads
Lewis travels east on “Cokahlahishkit”—the Road to the Buffalo—along the Blackfoot River. Clark travels south up the Bitterroot River and celebrates the Fourth of July with a “Sumptious Dinner”.
July 27, 1806
Fight with the Blackfeet
Lewis has a fatal fight with the Blackfeet, Ordway paddles down the Missouri, Gass takes horses to the Teton River, Clark paddles through the Yellowstone Badlands, and Pryor is stranded without horses.
July 26, 1806
A Blackfeet interview
On the Two Medicine River, Lewis is joined by several young Blackfeet. All of Pryor’s horses are stolen, and the portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri is completed. Clark explores the Bighorn River.
Next to grizzly bears and Mother Nature, the most feared enemy of American fur trappers traveling along the upper Missouri River were the Niitsítapi or Blackfeet, the “Original People” or “Prairie People.” Was that Lewis’s fault?
The Indians invited the Americans to share a campsite that night. At daybreak, despite the soldiers’ watchfulness, the Indians tried to steal the Americans’ guns and horses. That immediately erupted into a skirmish.
July 25, 1806
Pompy's Tower (Pompeys Pillar)
Clark names Pompy’s Tower and then carves his name into it. At Camp Disappointment, Lewis waits one more day. At the Great Falls, the portage route is muddy. Sgt. Pryor herds horses south of the Yellowstone.
July 17, 1806
Signs of danger
Between the Falls of the Missouri and the Marias River, Lewis sees signs of Indian hunters. On the Yellowstone, Clark passes an “Indian Fort”. Sgt. Ordway runs Pine Tree Rapids and Sgt. Gass waits above the falls.
August 3, 1806
Clark reaches the Missouri
Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, MT-ND Clark’s group reaches the Missouri-Yellowstone confluence and finds the mosquitoes problematic. Southwest of Fort Peck, Lewis streamlines cooking procedures to allow more time to paddle. They make seventy miles down the Missouri.
Beginning with the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, the U.S. government set the vast area north of the Missouri (approximately 20 million acres) aside as the “Blackfeet Hunting Ground” for the Blackfeet and other tribes—Cree, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, and Sioux.
Some blame the ruin of the Blackfeet people on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The story is far too complicated to be told fully in a few hundred words. Many foul deeds on both sides led up to the “the greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. troops.”
Notes
| ↑1 | Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Vol. 1 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1912), 138,570. |
|---|---|
| ↑2 | See on this site Indian Horses in the PNW. |
| ↑3 | Loretta Fowler and Regina Flannery, Handbook of North American Indians: Plains Vol. 15, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 608, 623. |
| ↑4 | For more on this period, see Blackfeet Confederacy and American Trappers, 1806–1840 by Jay H. Buckley. |
| ↑5 | “Blackfoot Confederacy,” Wikipedia, accessed on 25 November 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy. |
